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| Criterion |  Systems Thinking Evaporating Cloud |  Decision Making Pre-Mortem |  Product Discovery Test Card |
|---|---|---|---|
Purposedifferent | The method makes visible why two seemingly incompatible demands arise and which assumption must be tested to resolve the conflict. | In early initiatives with many uncertainties, planning quickly turns too optimistic. A pre-mortem makes the expected failure visible in advance and sharpens the view of causes, gaps, and countermeasures. | The Test Card turns a critical assumption into a testable claim and specifies in advance which result counts as success. |
Complexitydifferent | Medium | Low | Low |
Timedifferent | 60-120 min | 20–45 min | 20-35 min |
Participantsdifferent | 2-8 | Small cross-functional group | 1-5 |
Formatdifferent | Workshop | Workshop | Workshop + async |
Outputdifferent | Conflict Cloud, Assumption List, Breakthrough Ideas, Next Experiments | Risk list, Mitigation plan, Assumption log | Test Card with a pre-set threshold |
Tagsno overlap | Theory of ConstraintsAssumptionsSystems thinking | RiskDecisionFailurePlanning | ExperimentsValidationDiscoveryHypothesis |
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Methods with strong topical overlap with the current selection, not yet in the comparison.
