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| Criterion |  Systems Thinking Future Reality Tree |  Decision Making Pre-Mortem |  Operations Failure Mode and Effects Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|
Purposedifferent | A Future Reality Tree shows how desired actions are meant to lead to a better system state. The method checks whether a path of change holds together logically before time flows into implementation. | In early initiatives with many uncertainties, planning quickly turns too optimistic. A pre-mortem makes the expected failure visible in advance and sharpens the view of causes, gaps, and countermeasures. | For a process, product, or service with noticeable failure risks, the method assesses possible failure modes in advance. It directs attention to combinations of occurrence, effect, and detectability. |
Complexitydifferent | High | Low | High |
Timedifferent | 2-4 h | 20–45 min | 2-6 h |
Participantsdifferent | 3-8 | Small cross-functional group | 3-10 |
Formatsame | Workshop | Workshop | Workshop |
Outputdifferent | Future Reality Tree, Negative Branches, Assumption List, Improved Injections | Risk list, Mitigation plan, Assumption log | FMEA Table, Risk Priority, Mitigation Actions |
Tagsno overlap | Theory of ConstraintsSystems thinkingChange | RiskDecisionFailurePlanning | RiskQualityOperationsRoot cause |
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