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| Criterion |  UX Research Card Sorting |  Operations Causal Factor Analysis |  UX Research Empathy Mapping |
|---|---|---|---|
Purposedifferent | When content only makes sense internally and users can't find the structure again, card sorting exposes their mental order. Terms, groups, and naming are then aligned with the target group's expectations. | For an event with a complicated course, the method breaks down the contributing factors along the timeline. It shows how conditions, decisions, and reactions together produce a course of events. | When a lot is assumed about a target group but little is seen jointly, empathy mapping makes knowledge and gaps directly comparable. The picture also shows which assumptions hold up and where evidence is missing. |
Complexitydifferent | Low | High | Low |
Timedifferent | 20-45 min | 2-6 h | 30–60 min |
Participantsdifferent | Based on research question | 3-10 | 4-8 |
Formatdifferent | Workshop + async | Workshop + async | Workshop |
Outputdifferent | Content groups, Label set, IA hypotheses | Event Timeline, Causal Factor Chart, Cause List, Corrective Actions | Empathy Map, Assumptions List, Research Gaps |
Tagsno overlap | Information architectureNavigationStructure | CausalityIncidentRoot causeTimeline | SynthesisQualitativeWorkshop |
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