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| Criterion |  Product Discovery Test Card |  Operations Failure Mode and Effects Analysis |  Operations 5 Whys |  Operations Root Cause Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Purposedifferent | The Test Card turns a critical assumption into a testable claim and specifies in advance which result counts as success. | For a process, product, or service with noticeable failure risks, the method assesses possible failure modes in advance. It directs attention to combinations of occurrence, effect, and detectability. | For a single, hard-to-explain deviation, the method exposes the causal chain behind the visible symptom. It keeps the cause open until a controllable condition emerges instead of a mere description. | When a problem keeps recurring and the cause stays unclear, the method exposes the underlying mechanism. It separates symptom, guess, and robust explanation from one another. |
Complexitydifferent | Low | High | Low | Medium |
Timedifferent | 20-35 min | 2-6 h | 15-30 min | 1-4 h |
Participantsdifferent | 1-5 | 3-10 | 2-6 | 3-8 |
Formatdifferent | Workshop + async | Workshop | Workshop | Workshop + async |
Outputdifferent | Test Card with a pre-set threshold | FMEA Table, Risk Priority, Mitigation Actions | Root cause notes, Countermeasures | Problem Statement, Cause Hypotheses, Confirmed Causes, Action Plan |
Tagsno overlap | ExperimentsValidationDiscoveryHypothesis | RiskQualityOperationsRoot cause | Root causeIncidentLeanProblem solving | Root causeProblem solvingQualityIncident |