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| Criterion |  Operations Failure Mode and Effects Analysis |  Operations Gemba Walk |  Decision Making Pre-Mortem |  Operations Kepner-Tregoe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Purposedifferent | For a process, product, or service with noticeable failure risks, the method assesses possible failure modes in advance. It directs attention to combinations of occurrence, effect, and detectability. | When there is uncertainty about the real course of a process, the method brings observation to the place where work happens. It combines perception, follow-up questions, and process knowledge so decisions rest on actual workflows instead of assumptions. | In early initiatives with many uncertainties, planning quickly turns too optimistic. A pre-mortem makes the expected failure visible in advance and sharpens the view of causes, gaps, and countermeasures. | For a disturbance that's hard to pin down, the method cleanly separates problem, cause, and decision. It reduces mixing when symptoms allow several interpretations. |
Complexitydifferent | High | Low | Low | High |
Timedifferent | 2-6 h | 30-120 min | 20–45 min | 2-8 h |
Participantsdifferent | 3-10 | 2-6 | Small cross-functional group | 2-8 |
Formatdifferent | Workshop | Workshop | Workshop | Workshop + async |
Outputdifferent | FMEA Table, Risk Priority, Mitigation Actions | Observation Notes, Improvement Ideas | Risk list, Mitigation plan, Assumption log | Problem Analysis, Decision Analysis, Risk Plan |
Tagsno overlap | RiskQualityOperationsRoot cause | LeanObservationProcessOperations | RiskDecisionFailurePlanning | Problem solvingRoot causeDecisionOperations |