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Selected:ARID (Active Reviews for Intermediate Designs)Iceberg Model Root Cause Analysis Root Cause Tree Analysis

Criterion	Architecture ARID (Active Reviews for Intermediate Designs)	Systems Thinking Iceberg Model	Operations Root Cause Analysis	Operations Root Cause Tree Analysis
Purposedifferent	ARID examines how well developers can work with a technical design. It focuses on a part of the system that can still be revised, between the architecture overview and the detailed specification.	The Iceberg Model separates visible events from patterns, structures, and mental models. This turns a single observation into a deeper understanding of why a problem keeps recurring.	When a problem keeps recurring and the cause stays unclear, the method exposes the underlying mechanism. It separates symptom, guess, and robust explanation from one another.	For a problem with several suspected causes, the method builds a causal structure instead of a mere list. It makes visible how causes connect and where the strongest points of leverage lie.
Complexitydifferent	Medium	Low	Medium	Medium
Timedifferent	2–4 h review as a planning range; preparation and evaluation additional	30-60 min	1-4 h	1-3 h
Participantsdifferent	Designers, developers as users, and facilitation	2-10	3-8	2-8
Formatdifferent	Workshop + async	Workshop + async	Workshop + async	Workshop
Outputdifferent	Prioritized development tasks, Jointly produced code or pseudocode, Observed difficulties and open design questions, Proposed design revisions	Iceberg Worksheet, Pattern Notes, Intervention Ideas	Problem Statement, Cause Hypotheses, Confirmed Causes, Action Plan	Cause Tree, Evidence Notes, Countermeasures
Tagsno overlap	ArchitectureEngineeringFeedbackValidationTasks	Systems thinkingRoot causePatterns	Root causeProblem solvingQualityIncident	Root causeTreeIncidentQuality

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