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| Criterion |  UX Research Card Sorting |  UX Research Affinity Diagramming |  Operations Failure Mode and Effects Analysis |  UX Research Empathy Mapping |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Purposedifferent | When content only makes sense internally and users can't find the structure again, card sorting exposes their mental order. Terms, groups, and naming are then aligned with the target group's expectations. | When research notes, feedback, or observations sit unconnected side by side, affinity diagramming sorts the raw material into solid themes. Many individual points turn into patterns that make decisions and opportunities clearer. | For a process, product, or service with noticeable failure risks, the method assesses possible failure modes in advance. It directs attention to combinations of occurrence, effect, and detectability. | When a lot is assumed about a target group but little is seen jointly, empathy mapping makes knowledge and gaps directly comparable. The picture also shows which assumptions hold up and where evidence is missing. |
Complexitydifferent | Low | Low | High | Low |
Timedifferent | 20-45 min | 45–90 min | 2-6 h | 30–60 min |
Participantsdifferent | Based on research question | 3-10 | 3-10 | 4-8 |
Formatdifferent | Workshop + async | Workshop | Workshop | Workshop |
Outputdifferent | Content groups, Label set, IA hypotheses | Theme clusters, Insight statements, Opportunity areas | FMEA Table, Risk Priority, Mitigation Actions | Empathy Map, Assumptions List, Research Gaps |
Tagsno overlap | Information architectureNavigationStructure | SynthesisQualitativeRoot cause | RiskQualityOperationsRoot cause | SynthesisQualitativeWorkshop |